The map of Britannia that can be drawn using the co-ordinates of Latitude and Longitude given by Claudius Ptolemy in Book 2, chapter 1 of “Geographia”, produces a picture of Britannia that is both reasonably in agreement with, and at the same time wildly inaccurate of geographical fact. This paper introduces a methodology for comparing the correct geographic form of Britannia to the Ptolemaic form. It analyses the geographical and Ptolemaic locations of both coastal and “poleis” positions and determines a correspondence for each. It then illustrates how simply the “Turning of Scotland” was achieved, such that the reversal of the co-ordinates was possible whilst maintaining the juxta-positions of individual locations.
12 A4 pages and 12 full colour diagram maps

When Marinus of Tyre and Claudius Ptolemy determined the Earth’s circumference as 180000 Stadia of c184 metres, they created an un-avoidable mis-representation of the correct or geographical world. Coastlines in the Mediterranean Sea which had been sailed for millennia and the distances known, had to be reasonably correctly portrayed. Therefore if the Latitudinal spread of the Sea was curtailed by a reduced circumference, then the longitudinal spread had to increase to accommodate the semblance of reality required for a true map. How this increase was managed, how the land forms of countries were manipulated and where the data was obtained in the first instance, are the subjects discussed and illustrated in this paper. There is also a sub-section section dealing with the measurement of the World, which if Marinus and Ptolemy had actually investigated, by physical measurement, would have led to their producing the most accurate of maps.
18 A4 pages and 17+1 full colour diagram maps

As the maps of Claudius Ptolemy are studied, commencing with Britannia, then the Mediterranean Sea littoral and Arabia with the Middle East, there is a very recognisable profile to each when compared to a geographical map. However, when the map described in Book 7 chapter 1 is constructed, that is,” India this side of the Ganges”, a complete and utter travesty of geographical fact emerges. The following section, “India beyond the Ganges” returns to a semblance of geographical fact. Why should this be? Why suddenly do we see a childlike scribble purporting to be the coastline of India? India is basically a south pointing triangle, and it is drawn in the form of a demented snake. The solution is remarkably simple and provides for a methodology to determine the location of Cattigara Sina, and determine where and which island is Taprobane.
12 A4 pages and 8 full colour diagram maps

Ever since Claudius Ptolemy named one of the Fortunate Islands which he had situated on the Zero Longitude “Canaria”, cartographers have assumed that the Canary Islands off the west coast of Africa are the Zero point. That is patently incorrect. It can be simply illustrated by a re-reading of ancient texts referring to the sailing voyages around Africa, and then the utilisation of a comparative scale map. The East coast of Africa is then examined in a similar manner with the Capes listed by Ptolemy as the final locations on the coast determined to a geographical point. There is then an appendix to the paper which discusses the ratios adopted in the map construction of Claudius Ptolemy, particularly the major world ratio figures and concludes with a discussion on the methodology of constructing a world map.
11 A4 pages and 6 full colour diagram maps